Non-linear positive dispersion optical fiber

ABSTRACT

The present invention comprises an optical fiber have a small effective area and a positive dispersion suitable for use in the reshaping and regeneration of optical signals. The optical fiber according to the present invention has an effective area between about 10 μm 2  and 16 μm 2 , and a total dispersion between about 4 ps/nm/km and 8 ps/nm/km. Also disclosed is a method of making the inventive fiber wherein a high core relative refractive index can be achieved.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0001] 1. Field of the Invention

[0002] The invention relates to an optical fiber having a refractiveindex profile, a core radius, and a refractive index profile whichprovide a high non-linearity coefficient.

[0003] 2. Technical Background

[0004] Refractive index profile design has evolved as opticaltelecommunications systems requirements have changed. The study of therefractive index profile has been driven by the need for such opticalfiber features as:

[0005] positioning of cut off wavelength;

[0006] positioning of zero dispersion wavelength;

[0007] lower attenuation;

[0008] improved bend resistance; and,

[0009] lower total dispersion and dispersion slope.

[0010] More recently, the very high performance telecommunicationsystems, i.e., those which include multiplexing, high data rates, longregenerator spacing, soliton propagation, or optical amplifiers, haveresulted in a broader study of refractive index profiles to includedesigns which yield a high effective area to minimize signal distortionand dispersion due to non-linear effects.

[0011] In certain devices, however, an increase in the non-linear indexof refraction or decrease in effective area can improve performance. Onenotable case in which performance is enhanced by increased non-linearityis the reshaping and regeneration of optical signals (2-R regeneration).

[0012] Whenever a digital optical signal is processed, the signal issubject to distortion. Distortion is typically cumulative over time anddistance, and therefore the signal must be periodically restored tomaintain the information carried by the signal. Regenerators areutilized to provide this periodic restoration and restore the quality ofthe original data signal. Regenerators are opto-electronic deviceswherein optical data is converted to an electrical signal, the signal isamplified and restored, and then the signal is converted back to anoptical signal.

[0013] Previous all-optical regenerator designs have used an opticalfiber that employs nonlinear propagation characteristics as a means ofspectrally broadening optical pulses through self phase modulation (SPM)effects. The spectrally broadened pulses are then optically filtered,passing only light within a selected bandwidth. It has been suggestedthat optical fibers having a very small and negative (normal) dispersionare preferably used in such regenerators. However, the pulse broadeningresulting from negative dispersion makes such fibers unattractive forwavelength division multiplexed (WDM) systems having a plurality oftransmitted signals. When an optical regenerator is operated withseveral wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) spectral channels, smallfiber dispersion will result in a strong inter-channel cross-talkthrough a cross-phase modulation (XPM). Using a fiber with largernegative dispersion will result in optical pulses quickly broadening intime domain and overlapping. On the other hand, if a nonlinear fiberwith a relatively large positive (anomalous) dispersion is used, notonly will it help minimize XPM crosstalk, but also the combined effectsof SPM and dispersion will cause optical pulses to compress, so that thedegree of spectral broadening required for the device operation can beachieved with less optical power and/or shorter nonlinear fiber.

[0014] What is required by devices which make use of highly non-linearwaveguide fiber is that the non-linear waveguide retain suchcharacteristics as those noted above. The difficulty of makingnon-linear optical fibers is therefore compounded because increasednon-linearity usually requires an increased concentration of glassforming metal oxide dopants which alter the optical fiber corerefractive index. The increased dopant concentration results in higherattenuation and affects mode power distribution which in turn affectsthe optical fiber properties required for efficient operation of adevice using the non-linear optical fiber. In particular, it isdifficult to attain high levels of dopant concentration in some vapordeposition methods, such as outside vapor deposition. Thus, there is aneed for a positive dispersion optical fiber having a high degree ofnonlinearity, and an improved method of making the high nonlinear fiber.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0015] The optical fiber according to the present invention comprises arefractive index profile comprising a core region, a first annularregion disposed about and in contact with the outer periphery of thecore region, a cladding region disposed about and in contact with theouter periphery of the first annular region, and wherein the refractiveindex profile is selected to provide an effective area between about 10μm² and 16 μm², and a total dispersion between about 4 ps/nm/km and 8ps/nm/km, both at a wavelength of 1550 nm. Preferably the optical fiberhas a total dispersion between about 6 ps/nm/km and 8 ps/nm/km at awavelength of 1550 nm. Preferably the optical fiber has an α profile.Preferably α is about 2. More preferably the optical fiber has a stepindex core refractive index profile.

[0016] It is to be understood that both the foregoing generaldescription and the following detailed description are merely exemplaryof the invention, and are intended to provide an overview or frameworkfor understanding the nature and character of the invention as it isclaimed.

[0017] The accompanying drawings are included to provide a furtherunderstanding of the invention, and are incorporated in and constitute apart of this specification. The drawings are not necessarily to scale,and sizes of various elements may be distorted for clarity. The drawingsillustrate one or more embodiment(s) of the invention, and together withthe description serve to explain the principles and operation of theinvention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0018]FIG. 1 is a schematic of a cross section of the optical fiber ofthe present invention.

[0019]FIG. 2 is a schematic showing the refractive index profile of anembodiment of the optical fiber of the present invention having a coreregion with an α profile.

[0020]FIG. 3 is a schematic showing the refractive index profile of anembodiment of the optical fiber of the present invention having a coreregion with a step index profile.

[0021]FIGS. 4-7 are schematics showing additional examples of refractiveindex profiles according to the present invention having a core regionwith a step index profile.

[0022]FIGS. 8-9 depict dispersion and effective area as a function offiber diameter for several optical fibers according to the presentinvention.

[0023]FIG. 10 illustrates the application of a coating of glass soot toa mandrel.

[0024]FIG. 11 is a schematic showing a porous glass preform.

[0025]FIG. 12 is a detailed view of one end of a porous glass preform.

[0026]FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view of a consolidated glass preform.

[0027]FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram illustrating the drawing of a corecane from a consolidated preform.

[0028]FIG. 15 illustrates the application of a coating of glass claddingsoot to a core cane.

[0029]FIG. 16 is a schematic representation of a consolidation furnaceand consolidation atmosphere system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS DEFINITIONS

[0030] The effective area is A_(eff)=2π (∫E² r dr)²/(∫E⁴ r dr), wherethe integration limits are 0 to ∞, and E is the electric fieldassociated with the propagated light.

[0031] The relative refractive index, Δ, is defined by the equation,

[0032] Δ=(n_(i) ²−n_(c) ²)/2n_(i) ², where n_(i) is the maximumrefractive index of the index profile segment i, and n_(c) is therefractive index in the reference region which is usually taken to bethe minimum index of the clad layer. The relative refractive index isgenerally expressed as a percent and is indicated herein by the term %Δ.

[0033] For the particular profiles according to the present invention,the core region has one segment. The notation % Δ₁ is used to describethe relative refractive index of this single core segment. The notation% Δ₂ is used to describe the relative refractive index of a firstannular region surrounding the core region and having a reducedrefractive index, while the notation % Δ₃ is used to describe therelative refractive index of a cladding region surrounding the firstannular region.

[0034] The term refractive index profile or simply index profile is therelation between % Δ and radius over a selected portion of the core.

[0035] The term alpha profile refers to a core refractive index profilewhich follows the equation,

n(r)=n ₀(1Δ[r/a] ^(α))  (1)

[0036] where r is core radius, a is the last point in the core profile,r is chosen to be zero at the first point of the profile, n₀ is themaximum refractive index of the core, and α is an exponent which definesthe core profile shape. Other core refractive index profile shapesinclude a step index, a trapezoidal index and a rounded step index, inwhich the rounding is due to dopant diffusion in regions of rapidrefractive index change.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0037] The invention disclosed and described herein relates to a singlemode optical fiber in which the non-linearity of the optical fiber isenhanced. This is in contrast to recent core design work which wasundertaken to reduce non-linear effects by increasing the effective areaof the waveguide. Also disclosed is a method for making the noveloptical fiber.

[0038] A cross section of the nonlinear positive dispersion opticalfiber 20 according to the present invention is depicted in FIG. 1. Thenonlinear positive dispersion optical fiber comprises a longitudinalcenter axis, a core region 22 disposed about the center axis, a firstannular region (sometimes referred to as a moat) 24, and a claddingregion 26. The core region has an outer radius r₁, a maximum refractiveindex value of n₁, and a relative refractive index with respect tocladding 26 of % Δ₁. Preferably r₁ is between about 1.7 μm and 3 μm,more preferably between about 1.7 μm and 2.2 μm, and most preferablybetween about 1.8 μm and 2 μm. Preferably % Δ₁ is between about 2% and2.6%, more preferably between about 2% and 2.2%. Moat 24 is disposedabout and in contact with an outer periphery of the core region 22, andhas an outer radius r₂, a minimum refractive index value of n₂ (wheren₂<n₁), and a relative refractive index with respect to the cladding %Δ₂. Preferably r₂ is between about 6 μm and 8 μm, more preferably about7 μm. Preferably % Δ₂ is between about −0.4% and −1%, more preferablybetween about −0.4% and −0.8%. Cladding region 26 is disposed about andin contact with an outer periphery of first annular region 24 and has anouter radius r₃, a maximum refractive index value of n₃ (wheren₂<n₃<n₁), and a relative refractive index with respect to pure silica %Δ₃. Preferably, r₃ is about 62.5 μm. Preferably, cladding region 26 ispure silica and % Δ₃=0. Preferably nonlinear positive dispersion opticalfiber 20 is coated with a protective polymer coating 28. The protectivecoating 28 may comprise one or more layers. Preferably the protectivecoating comprises at least two layers.

[0039] Core region 22 of nonlinear positive dispersion optical fiber 20is comprised of SiO₂ doped with a pre-determined amount of a dopant toraise the refractive index of core region 22 to n₁ (n₁>n₀, where no isthe refractive index of pure SiO₂). Preferably the core region 22 dopantcomprises GeO₂.

[0040] Moat 24 has an outer diameter of r₂ and is formed by doping SiO₂glass with a predetermined amount of a dopant for lowering therefractive index, wherein its refractive index attains a minimum valueof n₂ (n₂<n₀, n₂<n₁). Preferably moat 24 is doped with F. Claddingregion 26 has an outer radius of r₃. Cladding region 26 may be comprisedof pure silica, or cladding region 26 may be formed by doping SiO₂ glasswith a predetermined amount of a dopant suitable for adjusting therefractive index, wherein the refractive index of cladding region 26attains a maximum value of n₃ (n₃>n₀, n₂<n₃<n₁). Preferably, claddingregion 26 is pure silica.

[0041] Preferably, nonlinear positive dispersion optical fiber 20 has atotal dispersion at a wavelength of 1550 nm of between about 4 ps/nm/kmand 8 ps/nm/km, more preferably between about 6 ps/nm/km and 8 ps/nm/km.It is desirable that the dispersion slope at 1550 nm be as low aspossible. Preferably, the nonlinear positive dispersion optical fiberhas a dispersion slope less than about 0.06 ps/nm²/km at a wavelength of1550 nm, more preferably less than 0.04 ps/nm²/km, and most preferablyless than 0.03 ps/nm²/km.

[0042] A parameter useful for characterizing the dispersion propertiesof an optical fiber is the ratio of the total dispersion divided by thedispersion slope, referred to as kappa (K) and having units ofnanometers (nm). Preferably the nonlinear positive dispersion opticalfiber disclosed herein has a K at a wavelength of 1550 nm between about250 nm and 550 nm, more preferably between about 290 nm and 455 nm, andmost preferably between about 390 nm and 525 nm.

[0043] Preferably, nonlinear positive dispersion optical fiber 20according to the present invention has a ratio of the radius of coreregion 22 divided by the radius of moat 24 (r₁/r₂, core/moat ratio)between about 0.15 and 0.40, more preferably between about 0.3 and 0.4,and most preferably between about 0.20 and 0.30.

[0044] Preferably, nonlinear positive dispersion optical fiber 20 has acutoff wavelength λ_(cf), as measured on a two meter length of opticalfiber, of less than 1400 nm.

[0045] Although the modeled attenuation values in Table 1, infra,suggest an attenuation less than about 0.3 dB/km for the inventivefiber, actual optical fibers according to the present invention areexpected to have an attenuation value much higher than the modeledvalue. Attenuation values between 0.5 dB/km and 1 dB/km are anticipated.Consequently, the nonlinear positive dispersion optical fiber accordingto the present invention preferably has an optical attenuation less thanabout 1 dB/km, more preferably less than about 0.5 dB/km, and mostpreferably less than about 0.3 dB/km.

[0046] In one embodiment of the present invention, the core region 22 ofoptical fiber 20 has an α-profile. FIG. 2 shows an exemplary refractiveindex profile 30 depicting relative refractive index as a function ofradius for this embodiment of nonlinear positive dispersion fiber 20.FIG. 2 further illustrates various regions and parameters of the opticalfiber refractive index profile 30 as referenced herein. The opticalfiber of this embodiment has a core region 22, a moat 24 and a claddingregion 26. Core region 22 of the nonlinear positive dispersion opticalfiber of this embodiment has an outer radius, r₁, a maximum refractiveindex n₁, and a relative refractive index with respect to claddingregion 26 of % Δ₁. In this embodiment, core region 22 preferably has anα of about 2. Moat 24 is disposed about and in contact with the outerperiphery of core region 22. Moat 24 has an outer radius r₂, a minimumrefractive index n₂ (where n₂<n₁), and a relative refractive index % Δ₂.Cladding region 26 is disposed about and in contact with the outerperiphery of moat 24. Cladding region 26 has an outer radius r₃, amaximum refractive index n₃ (where n₂<n₃<n₁), and a relative refractiveindex with respect to pure silica of % Δ₃. Preferably, % Δ₃=0. In FIG.2, radius r₁ is defined as the radius of refractive index profile 30where core region 22 crosses the Δ (%) axis at a value of zero, r₂ isdefined as the radius of refractive index profile 30 profile at % Δ₂/2and r₃ is the radius at the outer periphery of cladding region 26.Preferably r₃ is about 62.5 μm. A summary of optical fiber attributesmodeled at a wavelength of 1550 nm for refractive index profile 30displayed in FIG. 2 is provided in Table 1, infra.

[0047] The effective area of the inventive optical fiber can bedecreased by changing the core from an alpha profile to a step indexdesign. In another embodiment of the present invention, nonlinearoptical fiber 20 has a core region 22 generally in the shape of a step(step index), a moat 24 and a cladding region 26. This embodiment isshown by refractive index profile 32 in FIG. 3. FIG. 3 furtherillustrates various regions and parameters of the optical fiberrefractive index profile 32 as referenced herein. It is intended thatthese regions and parameters apply also to the refractive index profiles(34-40) depicted in FIGS. 4-7. Core region 22 of the nonlinear positivedispersion optical fiber of this embodiment has an outer radius, r₁, amaximum refractive index n₁, and a relative refractive index of % Δ₁.Moat 24 is disposed about and in contact with the outer periphery ofcore region 22. Moat 24 has an outer radius r₂, a minimum refractiveindex n₂ (where n₂<n₁), and a relative refractive index % Δ₂. Claddingregion 26 is disposed about and in contact with the outer periphery ofmoat 24. Cladding region 26 has an outer radius r₃, a maximum refractiveindex n₃ (where n₂<n₃<n₁), and a relative refractive index with respectto pure silica % Δ₃. Preferably cladding region 26 is pure silica and %Δ₃=0. In FIG. 3, radius r₁ is defined as the radius of refractive indexprofile 32 at a delta value of % Δ₁/2 and radius r₂ is defined as theradius of refractive index profile 118 at a delta value of % Δ₂/2. InFIG. 3 (and FIGS. 4-7), % Δ₃=0 and is not shown. Radius r₃ is defined asthe radius at the outer periphery of cladding region 26. A summary ofoptical fiber attributes modeled at a wavelength of 1550 nm forrefractive index profile 32-40 displayed in FIG. 3 is provided in Table1, infra. TABLE 1 Profile 30 32 34 36 38 40 λ_(cf) (nm) 1243 1267 13631145 1314 1390 MFD (μm) 4.47 4.05 3.72 3.79 4.1 4.1 A_(eff) (μm²) 15.212.9 11.0 11.4 13.3 13.4 D (ps/nm/km) 4.0 4.1 4.1 4.1 7.0 10 S(ps/nm²/km) 0.0475 0.0281 0.0251 0.0236 0.0312 0.0345 K (nm) 84.2 145.9163.3 173.7 224.4 289.9 Att (dB/km) 0.232 0.266 0.281 0.278 0.264 0.265r₁ (μm) 2.9 1.89 1.79 1.8 1.96 2.02 Δ₁ (%) 2 2 2.5 2 2 2.1 r₂ (μm) 7 7 77 7 7 Δ₂ (%) −0.4 −0.4 −0.4 −0.8 −0.4 −0.4 r₃ (μm) 62.5 62.5 62.5 62.562.5 62.5 Δ₃ (%) 0 0 0 0 0 0 r₁/r₂ 0.41 0.27 0.26 0.26 0.28 0.29

[0048] In Table 1, λ_(cf) is the fiber cutoff wavelength when measuredon a 2 meter length of optical fiber, MFD is the mode field diameter,A_(eff) is the effective area, D is the total dispersion, S is thedispersion slope, K is the ratio of dispersion divided by the dispersionslope, Att. is the optical fiber attenuation, and r₁/r₂ is the ratio ofcore radius r₁ divided by moat radius r₂.

[0049] As shown in Table 1, the effective area for optical fiberrefractive index profile 32 is 12.9 μm². The effective area may befurther reduced by increasing the core region delta, % Δ₁. This can beseen by examining refractive index profile 34 depicted in FIG. 4. Here,the optical fiber represented by refractive index profile 34 hasattained a modeled effective area of 11.0 μm² by increasing % Δ₁ by 0.5%compared to profile 30. Meanwhile, the total dispersion at 1550 nm hasbeen maintained at approximately 4.1 ps/nm/km.

[0050] Alternatively, the effective area of the optical fiber of thepresent step index embodiment may also be reduced by decreasing % Δ₂. Inthe refractive index profile of the present embodiment depicted in FIG.5 as refractive index profile 36, the % Δ₂ has been reduced to −0.8%.The result is an effective area of about 11.4 μm², approximatelyequivalent to the effective area in the case above (profile 34) wherein% Δ₁ was increased.

[0051] The total dispersion of the inventive fiber may be changed byvarying other refractive index profile parameters, such as, for example,core radius. Refractive index profile 38, shown in FIG. 6, has a modeledtotal dispersion of about 7 ps/nm/km at a wavelength of 1550 nm. Thecore radius of this refractive index profile is about 1.96 μm. By way ofcomparison, refractive index profile 40, shown in FIG. 7 has a coreradius of about 2.02 μm and the total dispersion is increased to about10 ps/nm/km.

[0052] The nonlinear positive dispersion optical fiber according to thepresent invention is also suitable for making dispersion decreasingoptical fiber. This can be done by varying the cladding diameter duringthe optical fiber draw process. To illustrate a varying total dispersionproperty, FIGS. 8 and 9 plot total dispersion, shown by the solid line,as a function of fiber diameter for refractive index profiles 32 and 36,respectively. In the same figures, the effective area change withoptical fiber cladding diameter, shown by the dashed line, is alsoshown. It is clear from FIGS. 8 and 9 that when optical fiber claddingdiameter is reduced, both the total dispersion and the effective areadecrease. For application involving so-called soliton pulse propagationregime, this is a preferred result because the decrease in dispersionand effective area both result in a decrease of the fundamental solitonpower which may compensate some power loss due to the attenuation of theoptical fiber.

[0053] The nonlinear positive dispersion fibers disclosed herein can befabricated by the skilled artisan, for example, using germanium andfluorine-doping of silica glass with standard OVD, MCVD, PCVD or VADmethods. However, regardless of the method employed, the relatively highcore region delta required for the optical fiber requires a means ofincorporating sufficient GeO₂ in the core. Moreover, some profiledesigns according to the present invention may require core regiondeltas as high as 4%, which may be difficult to achieve because the highGeO₂ concentration required in the core region may be as high as 63weight % (wt. %) or more. Such high GeO₂ concentrations in the coreregion may lead to high CTE mismatch between the core region and theoutlying first annular region or the cladding region. CTE mismatch mayin turn lead to spontaneous fracturing (crizzling) of the optical fiberpreform as the preform cools. CTE mismatch may also result in highresidual stress and increased attenuation after drawing of the fiber.

[0054] In a method of making the optical fiber according to the presentinvention, an optical fiber core preform is manufactured by outsidevapor deposition (OVD) as illustrated in FIGS. 10-16. A circularlysymmetric porous preform may be formed in accordance with the methodillustrated in FIG. 10. In the method shown in FIG. 10, an optical fibercore blank is formed by a method similar to that disclosed in U.S. Pat.No. 4,486, 212 (Berkey). Referring to FIG. 10, the large diameter end ofa tapered mandrel 42 is inserted into glass tube 44, hereinafterreferred to as handle 44, having annular protrusion 46. Shims (notshown) can be used to secure handle 44 to mandrel 42 as disclosed inU.S. Pat. No. 4,289,517. The mandrel may be provided with a layer ofcarbon soot to facilitate removal of the soot preform. Mandrel 42 isrotated and translated with respect to a burner 48 of the type disclosedin U.S. Pat. No. 4,165,223. Fuel gas and oxygen or air are supplied toburner 48 from a source (not shown). This mixture is burned to produce aflame which is emitted from burner 48. A gas-vapor mixture is oxidizedwithin the flame to form a soot stream 50 which is directed towardmandrel 42. Suitable means for delivering the gas-vapor mixture toburner 48 are well known in the art; for an illustration of such meansreference is made to U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,826,560, 4,148,621 and 4,173,305.One or more auxiliary burners (not shown) may be employed to direct aflame toward one or both ends of the porous soot preform duringdeposition to prevent breakage; the use of auxiliary burners is taughtin U.S. Pat. No. 4,810,276 (Gilliland).

[0055] Burner 48 is generally operated under conditions that willprovide acceptably high laydown rates and efficiency while minimizingthe buildup of soot on the face thereof. Under such conditions, the flowrates of gases and reactants from the burner orifices and the sizes andlocations of such orifices as well as the axial orientation thereof aresuch that a well focused stream of soot flows from burner 48 towardmandrel 42. In addition, a cylindrical shield (not shown) which isspaced a short distance from the burner face, protects the soot streamfrom ambient air currents and improves laminar flow. Porous soot corepreform 52 is formed by traversing mandrel 42 many times with respect toburner 48 to cause a build-up of many layers of silica soot. Thetranslating motion could also be achieved by moving burner 48 back andforth along rotating mandrel 42 or by the combined translational motionof both burner 48 and mandrel 42. Core preform 52 may contain only coreglass, or alternatively, the core preform may contain at least a portionof the cladding glass. After the deposition of soot core preform 52,mandrel 42 is pulled therefrom, and the mandrel is removed throughhandle 44, thereby leaving a longitudinal aperture 54, as shown in FIG.11, in the porous preform through which drying gas 56 may be flowedduring consolidation. Protrusion 46 causes preform 52 to adhere tohandle 44; handle 44 supports preform 52 during subsequent processing.

[0056] The steps of drying and consolidating the optical fiber corepreform may be performed in accordance with the teachings of U.S. PatentNo. 4,165,223, which patent is hereby incorporated by reference.

[0057] During consolidation, core preform 52 may be suspended by handle44. Prior to the introduction of drying gas 56, optical fiber corepreform 52 is heat treated in the presence of oxygen to stabilize theGeO2 content of optical fiber core preform 52. During the laydown stepGe takes on two forms—an amorphous Ge and a crystalline Ge. Theamorphous Ge is stable and will be retained in the preform during theconsolidation step. However, crystalline Ge is very volatile and may beeasily removed during the drying step by the chlorine drying gas. Thepresence of oxygen serves to stabilize the crystalline Ge, and thereforeimproving Ge retention in the core region. Preferably, between 0.05 and30 volume % (vol. %) oxygen is employed, more preferably between about0.05 vol. % and 10 vol. %, and most preferably between about 0.05 vol. %and 5 vol. %. The oxygen may be combined with an inert gas, such as, forexample, helium, argon, or nitrogen. Preferably core preform is exposedto oxygen between 15 and 360 minutes at a temperature between 800° C.and 1200° C.

[0058] After stabilizing the Ge content of the optical fiber corepreform, the preform is dried. Drying can be facilitated by inserting ashort section of capillary tube 58 into that end 60 of the porouspreform aperture 54 opposite handle 44. Capillary tube 58 initiallypermits some of the drying gas to flush water from the central region ofthe core preform. As porous preform 52 is inserted into a consolidationfurnace to dry and consolidate the preform, the capillary tube aperturecloses to form a solid plug, thereby causing all drying gas 56 tothereafter flow through the preform interstices. A detailed view of end60 is shown in FIG. 12.

[0059] The consolidation atmosphere may contain helium and oxygen and anamount of chlorine. Chlorine gas is included to aid in water removalfrom the preform. In particular, chlorine permeates the interstices ofthe soot preform and flushes out any OH, H₂ or H₂O contained therein.Core preform 52 is then heated at a high temperature (generally in therange of between about 1450° C. to about 1600° C., depending uponpreform composition) until the deposited soot consolidates andtransforms into a solid, high-purity glass having superior opticalproperties. Once preform 52 is consolidated, it is removed from thefurnace and transferred to an argon-filled holding vessel.

[0060] After consolidation, the consolidated optical fiber core preformaperture 54 will be closed at end 60 as shown in FIG. 13 due to thepresence of the aforementioned capillary plug. If no plug is employedthe entire aperture will remain open. In this event end 60 is closedafter consolidation by a technique such as heating and pinching thesame.

[0061] Consolidated core preform 52 of FIG. 13, which will form at leasta portion of the core of the resultant optical fiber, is etched toremove a thin surface layer. It is then stretched into at least oneintermediate article (core cane), which is thereafter provided withadditional core glass or with a cladding glass.

[0062] For certain soot compositions including pure silica, conventionalsoot deposition techniques result in the formation of a devitrifiedlayer on the aperture-forming surface of the resultant glass preformduring the consolidation process. If such a devitrified layer exists inthe preform, it should be removed by etching to prevent the formation ofseeds in the resultant fiber. If aperture 54 closes duringconsolidation, end 60 must be severed to permit an acid wash to flowfreely through aperture 54 in order to effectively remove thedevitrified layer. Thereafter, the aperture is rinsed and dried, and end60 is heated and sealed.

[0063] A preferred method of forming a silica soot preform, which isdisclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,453,961, prevents devitrification of theaperture-forming surface during consolidation. That method comprisesdepositing the first plurality of layers of glass soot on the mandrel ata deposition rate that is sufficiently low that no spiral pattern ofdeposited soot is visible. The deposition of a fine, spiral-free coatingon mandrel 42 can be accomplished by supplying burner 48 with a greatlyreduced flow of reactant. The absence of a high velocity reactant vaporstream emanating from the burner tends to generate a defocused sootstream 50 that is incapable of depositing a coating of soot having asufficient density variation to appear as a spiral. After many layersare deposited, the fine soot stream becomes continuous.

[0064] After the unfocused soot stream has been employed for a timesufficient to build up a continuous layer, the flow of reactants to theburner is increased to conventional rate, and the remainder of preform52 is deposited at a normal high deposition rate.

[0065] The core cane can be formed in a conventional draw furnacewherein the tip of the consolidated preform from which the core cane isbeing drawn is heated to a temperature which is slightly lower than thetemperature to which the preform would be subjected to draw opticalfiber therefrom. A temperature of about 1900° C. is suitable for asilica preform. A suitable method for forming a core cane is illustratedin FIG. 14. Perform 52 is mounted in a conventional draw furnace by yoke62, within which handle 44 is seated, and the tip of preform 52 isheated by resistance heater 64. A vacuum connection 66 is attached tohandle 44, and preform aperture 54 is evacuated. A glass rod 68, whichis attached to the bottom of preform 52, is pulled by motor-driventractors 70, thereby causing the core cane 72 to be drawn at a suitablerate. A rate of 15 to 23 cm/min has been found to be adequate. As corecane 72 is drawn, aperture 54 readily closes since the pressure thereinis low relative to ambient pressure. The diameter of core cane 72 thatis to be employed as a mandrel upon which cladding soot is to bedeposited is preferably in the range of 4 to 10 mm.

[0066] Core cane 72 is mounted in a lathe where it is rotated andtranslated with respect to burner 48 shown in FIG. 15. A coating 74 ofsilica soot is thereby built up on the surface thereof to form acomposite preform 76. Composite preform 76 is heated in consolidationfurnace 78, shown in FIG. 16, to form a complete, consolidated opticalfiber preform. Consolidation furnace 78 comprises a high silica contentmuffle 80 surrounded by heating elements 82. A high silica content liner84 separates heating elements 82 from muffle 80. The term “high silicacontent” as used herein means pure fused silica or a high silica contentglass such as a borosilicate glass. Consolidation gases 86 are fed tothe bottom of muffle 84 through a conical section 88 which is affixedthereto. Silica muffle 84 is supported at its upper end by a ring 90.Conical section 88 is supported by ringstand 92. The consolidation gases86 flow through one or more holes in conical section 88. The completeconsolidated optical fiber preform is then further heated in a drawingfurnace and drawn into optical fiber.

[0067] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that variousmodifications and variations can be made to the present inventionwithout departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus, itis intended that the present invention cover the modifications andvariations of this invention provided they come within the scope of theappended claims and their equivalents.

We claim:
 1. An optical fiber comprising: a refractive index profilecomprising a core region; a first annular region disposed about and incontact with the outer periphery of the core region; a cladding regiondisposed about and in contact with the outer periphery of the firstannular region; and wherein the refractive index profile is selected toprovide an effective area at a wavelength of 1550 nm between about 10μm² and 16 μm², and a total dispersion at a wavelength of 1550 nmbetween about 4 ps/nm/km and 8 ps/nm/km.
 2. The optical fiber of claim 1wherein the core region further comprises a refractive index n₁, thefirst annular region has a refractive index n₂, the cladding region hasa refractive index n₃, and n₂<n₃<n₁.
 3. The optical fiber of claim 1wherein the core region is a step index profile.
 4. The optical fiber ofclaim 1 wherein the core region is an α-profile.
 5. The optical fiber ofclaim 4 wherein α is about
 2. 6. The optical fiber of claim 1 whereinthe total dispersion is between about 6 ps/nm/km and 8 ps/nm/km at awavelength of 1550 nm.
 7. The optical fiber of claim 1 wherein theeffective area is between about 11 μm² and 14 μm² at a wavelength of1550 nm.
 8. The optical fiber of claim 1 wherein the optical fiber hasan attenuation less than about 1 dB/km at a wavelength of 1550 nm. 9.The optical fiber of claim 8 wherein the optical fiber has anattenuation less than about 0.5 dB/km.
 10. The optical fiber of claim 1wherein the optical fiber has a dispersion slope is less than about 0.06ps/nm²/km at a wavelength of 1550 nm.
 11. The optical fiber of claim 1wherein the optical fiber has a dispersion slope is less than about 0.04ps/nm²/km at a wavelength of 1550 nm.
 12. The optical fiber of claim 1further comprising a K value between 80 nm and 300 nm.
 13. The opticalfiber of claim 10 wherein K is between 140 nm and 225 nm.
 14. Theoptical fiber of claim 1 further comprising a core relative refractiveindex % Δ₁ between 2% and 2.5%.
 15. The optical fiber of claim 1 whereinthe core region has a radius r₁, the first annular region has a radiusr₂, and r₁/r₂ is between 0.25 and 0.5.
 16. The optical fiber of claim 2wherein a relative refractive index of the first annular region % Δ₂ isbetween −0.4% and −1%.
 17. A method of making the optical fiber of claim1 comprising heat treating a porous optical fiber core preform in thepresence of a mixture of oxygen and an inert gas prior to consolidation,where the mixture is between 0.5% by volume and 10% by volume oxygen.18. The method of claim 17 wherein the heat treating step furthercomprises treating the core preform at a temperature between 800° C. and1200° C.